Yemeni government forces reported conducting airstrikes on Houthi positions in multiple governorates, which the Houthis dispute by claiming they downed three Saudi drones. While the government asserts these strikes caused significant casualties, Saudi Arabia has not independently verified the Houthi claims regarding the drone shootdowns.

Analysts from the Institute for the Study of War suggest that Russian military commanders may be providing President Vladimir Putin with exaggerated reports of battlefield progress, potentially hindering realistic ceasefire negotiations. While the Kremlin continues to demand the full annexation of Donetsk Oblast by year’s end, independent experts estimate that, at the current advance rate, Russia is unlikely to secure the remaining occupied territories until 2032.

These assessments remain subject to debate, as verified data on front-line movements remains limited.

US stock futures declined slightly as Brent crude topped $97 per barrel following reported Iranian tanker attacks and unconfirmed reports of strikes on Saudi oil infrastructure. Asian markets experienced mixed results, with indices in South Korea, Japan, and China rising on semiconductor-related activity, while the Hang Seng index fell.

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Iran has threatened to retaliate against any new US attacks on its assets, warning that the energy production chain in the region was "sprawling, accessible and exposed" and that US oil and gas companies there shared that exposure. "Strike our assets and you get struck," Iranian Parliament Speaker Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf said after US and Iranian strikes on shipping at the weekend that pushed oil prices up to six-week highs at one point on Monday.

On Sunday, senior Iranian security official Mohsen Rezaei said Iran would announce plans for a new restricted zone in the Gulf in the coming days, and that it would soon approve maps of a new shipping corridor through the Strait of Hormuz. Iran has halted traffic through the strait, a vital global oil and gas supply route, since the war with the United States began with US and Israeli strikes on 28 February.

Mr Rezaei said the new restricted zone would begin from where a US naval blockade of Iran starts and extend into areas of the Gulf. Any ship entering the new zone would be added to an Iranian sanctions list, he said. "We will only commit to the Strait of Hormuz being open when they (the Americans) stop the sabotage, threats and attacks on Iran," Mr Rezaei said.

Underlining Iran's defiance, Mr Qalibaf issued a new threat to respond to any US strikes, in what appeared to be a response to a warning by US Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth that Iran's oil tanker fleet was "defenceless". "It’s simple: the oil and gas production chain here is sprawling, accessible, and exposed.

American oil and gas companies across these waters and facilities share that exposure," Mr Qalibaf, who is Iran's top negotiator, wrote on X. "Strike our assets and you get struck. We’ve already proven it. Ask the bases that are no longer viable," referring to Iranian attacks on US military bases in the region throughout the conflict.

Iran and US exchange attacks US President Donald Trump has yet to achieve the aims he set out when he launched "Operation Epic Fury" in February: to end Iran's nuclear programme, halt its ability to attack its neighbours and create conditions for Iranians to topple their leadership.

Tehran's clerical rulers remain in power and aim to emerge from the war stronger than before, demanding the lifting of sanctions and hoping to collect fees from ships that use the strait, which carried a fifth of global oil and gas shipments before the war.

After a pause in military action for much of August, tit-for-tat strikes have resumed following the unravelling of an interim ceasefire deal that was reached in June, and there has been little progress on getting the peace process back on track. US forces struck three Iranian oil tankers on Saturday, US Central Command said, including one off Kharg Island, Iran's key oil export hub, following attacks by Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps on US warships in the region.

Tehran has shown it retains the capability to attack US interests in neighbouring countries and to shut down oil flows through the Strait of Hormuz. An average of 10 commodity ships transited the Strait per day in the past 10 days, the lowest since May, according to shipping data on Monday.

That contributed to a rise in oil prices on Monday, with Brent crude futures LCOc1 hitting their highest point since July 24 at $97.93 a barrel before slipping back to $96.19. Sanctions, oil blockade squeeze economy Iran has said it will step up efforts to tackle problems created by US sanctions that are crippling its economy.

However, the US campaign to throttle Iran's economy by blockading its oil exports and stopping sanctions evasion is growing increasingly difficult to withstand, three senior Iranian sources have said. Mr Qalibaf said at the weekend that, alongside the military front, Iran’s main battle was now over production and people’s livelihoods, citing currency fluctuations, inflation, unemployment and market management as big challenges.

The conflict has also impacted oil-producing Gulf Arab states such as the United Arab Emirates, which has come under fire from Iranian missiles and suffered attacks on its oil tankers in the Strait of Hormuz. UAE presidential adviser Anwar Gargash said the country was building alternative routes for its energy exports and trade to ensure they are not "held hostage" by the war.

The impact of Iran's blockade of the Strait of Hormuz on energy supplies has also been felt in the US as fuel prices have increased. The increase has weighed on Mr Trump's popularity as his Republican Party heads into elections in November when control of Congress is at stake.