According to Paul Chichester, Director of Operations at the UK’s National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), Russian and Chinese state actors, alongside North Korea and Iran, are increasingly employing AI to enhance the scale and persistence of cyber operations against the United Kingdom.

Chichester notes that this shift has transformed cyberattacks into a standard component of state intelligence, with AI augmenting the operational productivity of these threats. Concurrently, the UK is leveraging AI tools to strengthen its defensive capabilities against these evolving challenges.